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1  .' 


A  •  UNITED  STATES  /TARIFF  COMMISSION 

WASHINGTON 

1  

1  


INFORMATION 

A    ^^  CONCERNING 


MANGANESE  ORE 


PRINTED  FOR  USE  OF 

COMMITTEE  ON  WAYS  AND  MEANS 
HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES 


„»«*>?£  y*» 


UNITED  STATES  TARIFF  COMMISSION 

WASHINGTON 


INFORMATION 


CONCERNING 


MANGANESE  ORE 


PRINTED  FOR  USE  OF 

COMMITTEE  ON  WAYS  AND  MEANS 
HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1919 


UNITED  STATES  TARIFF  COMMISSION. 

Office :  1322  New  York  -Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C. 

COMMISSIONERS. 

F.  W.  TAUSSIG.  Chairman. 

THOMAS  WALKER  PAGE,  Vice  Chairman. 

DAVID  J.  LEWIS. 

WILLIAM  KENT. 

WILLIAM  S.  CULBERTSON. 

EDWARD  P.  COSTIGAN. 


WILLIAM  M.  STEUART,  Secretary. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


UNITED  STATES  TAEIFF  COMMISSION, 

Washington,  June  14,  1919. 
The  COMMITTEE  ON  WAYS  AND  MEANS  OF  THE 

HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES: 

I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  in  accordance  with  your 
request,  information  compiled  by  the  United  States  Tariff  Commis- 
sion on  the  manganese  ore  industry. 
Very  respectfully, 

THOMAS  WALKER  PAGE, 

Acting  Chairman. 

3 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

I.  Summary 7 

II.  General  information: 

Description 8 

Uses 9 

Domestic  production 9 

Historical 10 

Methods,  processes,  and  equipment 11 

Localities  of  production 11 

Relation  of  domestic  production  to  domestic  consumption 13 

Exports  of  domestic  product 13 

Foreign  production 13 

Transportation 15 

Imports 15 

Grades  and  kinds 17 

Import  restrictions 17 

Distribution  in  United  States  for  consumption 17 

Persistence 17 

Revenue 18 

Prices 18 

Court  and  Treasury  decisions 19 

Competitive  conditions 20 

Reserves 20 

Costs 20 

Transportation 22 

Other  factors. 22 

Freight  rates 23 

Export  duties 23 

Bibliography '. 23 

Trade  journals 23 

Shippers  of  manganese  ores 24 

Purchasers  of  manganese  ores 27 

5 


MANGANESE  ORE. 


I.  SUMMARY. 

Manganese  ore  is  the  raw  material  for  ferromanganese  or  spiegel- 
eisen,  products  essential  to  the  manufacture  of  .steel.  Minor  amounts 
of  the  ore  are  required  by  chemical  and  other  industries,  but  96  per 
cent  of  the  consumption  is  for  making  steel. 

Prior  to  the  European  war  the  United  States  produced  less  than 
1  per  cent  of  its  manganese  requirements.  The  remainder  was 
imported  mainly  from  India,  Russia,  and  Brazil  in  the  form  of  ore 
and  from  Great  Britain  in  the  form  of  ferromanganese.  Under  war 
conditions  the  first  two  countries  were  practically  eliminated  as 
sources  of  supply.  Domestic  production  of  high  grade  (i.  e.,  35  per 
cent  or  more  manganese)  ore,  used  largely  for  making  ferroman- 
ganese, increased  from  4,063  tons  in  1913  to  about  294,000  tons  in 
1918.  Production  of  low-grade  (less  than  35  per  cent  manganese) 
ore,  used  partly  for  making  spiegel  and  partly  smelted  direct  in  iron 
furnaces,  increased  from  85,588  tons  in  1913  to  over  1,079,000  tons 
in  1918.  The  number  of  mines  increased  from  75  in  1917  to  325  in 
1918. 

The  industry  was  also  considerably  expanded  in  Brazil  and  in  Cuba. 
The  large  supplies  from  these  nearer  countries  together  with  the 
increased  domestic  output  proved  greater  than  even  the  enormously 
expanded  needs  of  this  country.  The  United  State.-;  became  inde- 
pendent of  British  ferromanganese  and  of  Indian  and  Russian  ore. 

Manganese  mining  on  a  Iti  ge  scale  in  the  United  States,  however, 
is  an  artificial  industry.  Under  normal  trade  conditions,  with  a  free 
movement  of  ore  from  foreign  countries,  it  can  not  continue  except 
on  a  very  limited  output.  The  domestic  resources  have  been  -care- 
fully estimated  and  found  to  be  insufficient  to  supply  domestic 
requirements  for  more  than  a  ve :y  few  years.  The  cost  of  mining 
is  relatively  high,  but  that  is  not  the  only  determining  factor.  The 
domestic  ore  is  relatively  low  grade,  obtainable  in  only  small  lots  1 
and  variable  in  character.  Any  large  dependence  on  domestic  sup- 
plies involves  the  rapid  depletion  of  our  limited  reserves  and  a  loss 
in  efficiency  due  to  the  use  of  lower-grade  material  by  the  consumers 
aside  from  the  increased  cost  of  domestic  ore  as  compaied  with  the 
cheaper  and  more  desirable  foreign  product.  The  foreign  resources 
are  practically  inexhaustible  and  are  high  grade.  They  are  easily 
accessible  and  must  eventually  furnish  the  Ame  ican  supply,  regard- 
less of  any  temporary  expedients  that  may  lead  to  the  continuance 
of  domestic  mining. 

During  the  war  period  a  number  of  mines  were  opened  up  and 
equipped  for  the  purpose  of  providing  manganese  as  a  necessity  in 
the  war  program.  Many  of  these  properties  failed  to  return  the 
capital  invested  up  to  the  time  of  signing  the  armistice.  Since  there 

1  Outside  of  the  Butie,  .Mont.,  Held. 


8 


UNITED  STATES  TARIFF   COMMISSION   REPORT. 


was  some  justice  in  the  claim  that  this  investment  had  been  under- 
taken for  patriotic  reasons,  compensation  was  asked  from  the  Gov- 
ernment. Such  compensation  is  in  a  fair  way  of  being  adjusted  by 
subsidies,  the  manganese  industry  being  one  of  the  tour  in  which 
such  financial  losses  are  to  be  investigated  and  liquidated  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interi'or  under  the  powers  of  the  War  Minerals  Relief 
Act  of  March  2,  1919. 

Summary  table. 


Trine  s- 
Calendar  year.        tic  pro- 
!  duct  k  D.1 

Imports 
for  con- 
sump- 
tion. 

Drmos- 
tic 

exports. 

Ratio  of 
imports 
to  pro- 
ducti  -n. 

Value 
(imports 
for  con- 
sumption). 

Amount 
of  duty. 

Value 
per  unit 
oi  guan- 
tity. 

Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem 
rate. 

Long 
tnnst. 
1910  2,268 

Long 

ton*,. 

242.348 

(2) 

Per  cent. 
10,  730 

$1,711,131 

(3) 

$7.06 

(3) 

J911  2,457 

176^  828 

(1) 

7.200 

1,186,791 

(i) 

6.71 

(3) 

1912     1  664 

320,  636 

(2) 

19,  270 

1  786,098 

(J)         | 

5.51 

(») 

1913  4,fl63 

345,  108 

(2) 

8,530 

2,  029.  680 

(.') 

5.88 

(3) 

1914                                      2  233 

283  464 

(2) 

10  760 

2  024  121 

(i) 

7.  14 

(3) 

1915  '.        9,654 

320.778 

(t) 

3,300 

2,  655,  980 

(3) 

8.28 

(*) 

1916                                    31  474 

569  569 

(i) 

1  810 

8  640  065 

(3) 

15.  17 

(i) 

1917     128,053 

629,  972 

(2) 

'490 

10,262  929 

(3) 

16.28 

(3) 

1918  294,497 

491,157 

(2) 

167 

15,  096,  920 

(*) 

30.74 

(3) 

1  Iocs  not  include  low-grade  ores  used  for  making  spiegeleisen. 


2  None. 


«  Free. 


II.  GENERAL  INFORMATION. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Manganese  is  not  found  in  the  metallic  state  in  nature;  it  occurs 
only  in  combination  with  other  elements,  as  oxide,  carbonate  or 
silicate,  the  oxides  being  the  most  common. 

Principal  manganese  minerals. 


Mineral. 

Composition. 

Percent- 
age man- 
ganese. 

Polianite  

MnO2... 

63.2 

Pyrolusite  

MnO,.H2O  

60-63 

Psilomelane  

MnO2(MnKBa)O.H2O  

45-60 

Wad,  Bo?  manganese,  etc 

Impure  mixture  of  hydrous  oxides   .  . 

5-50 

Man^anite  

Mn2Os.n2O  

62.4 

Braunite 

3Mn2O3.MnSiO3  . 

69 

Frank'linite  

(  Fe^nMn)(  FeMn)»O«  

10-19 

Rhodocrosite.  .  . 

MnCOj  (carbonate; 

47.56 

Rhodonite                        

MnSiO3  (silicate)  

41.9 

Tephroite  (manganese  olivine) 

Mn2Si<  ><  (silicate)  .  . 

54.3 

Spessartite  (manganese  garnet)  

3MnO.  Al2O3.3Si()s  

33.3 

The  domestic  supply  of  manganese  comes  from  four  classes  of 
materials:  (1)  Manganese  ores,  (2)  manganiferous  iron  ores,  (3) 
manganiferous  silver  ores,  and  (4)  manganiferous  zinc  residuum. 

The  limiting  percentage  of  manganese  distinguishing  a  mangan- 
iferous iron  ore  from  a  manganese  ore  is  not  fixed  but  varies  according 
to  the  use  to  which  the  ore  is  put.  For  steel  manufacture  manganese 
ore  may  contain  5  per  cent  of  iron  or  even  more  and  still  be  termed  a 
manganese  ore,  but  for  chemical  purposes  the  manganese  ore  should 
as  a  rule  contain  less  than  1  per  cent  of  iron. 

Manganese  ores  are  those  which  contain  at  least  35  per  cent  man- 
ganese and  otherwise  conform  to  the  specifications  of  the  trade  in 
which  they  are  used. 


MANGANESE   ORE.  9 

Manganiferous  iron  ores  consist  of  mixtures  of  manganese  and  iron 
oxides  and  hydrous  oxides  which,  though  usually  containing  man- 
ganese in  excess  of  5  per  cent,  may  contain  as  little  as  1  per  cent. 
The  proportion  of  iron  in  such  ores  is  highly  variable  but  usually 
exceeds  40  per  cent. 

Manganiferous  silver  ores  consist  of  mixtures  of  manganese  and 
iron  oxides  and  hydrous  oxides,  with  small  quantities  of  silver  and 
lead  minerals.  As  a  rule  the  iron  content  exceeds  the  manganese 
content,  but  locally  the  iron  is  altogether  absent.  These  ores  are 
more  important  as  fluxes  in  lead  and  copper  smelting  than  as  sources 
of  recoverable  manganese. 

Manganiferous  zinc  residuum  is  an  artificial  furnace  product  con- 
sisting of  manganese  and  iron  oxides  in  a  matrix  of  slag.  It  is  ob- 
tained from  zinc  volatilizing  and  oxidizing  furnaces  using  New  Jersey 
zinc  ores.  The  residuum  consists  largely  of  iron  and  manganese 
oxides,  the  zinc  having  been  removed  by  volatilization  and  collected 
as  zinc  oxide. 

USES. 

The  chief  use  of  manganese  ores  is  for  making  ferromanganese 
and  spiegel  alloys  required  in  steel  making.  Fully  96  per  cent  of  the 
manganese  ore  consumed  in  the  United  States  goes  into  the  manufac- 
ture of  steel.1  Practically  all  steel  contains  manganese,  and  of  all 
the  essential  alloys  ferromanganese  is  used  in  the  largest  quantity. 
Under  present  metallurgical  methods  it  is  impossible  to  produce 
open-hearth  and  Bessemer  steel  without  adding  on  the  average 
one-half  of  1  per  cent  manganese,  and  special  steels  are  made  con- 
taining up  to  10  or  12  per  cent.  Manganese  alloys  when  added  to 
steel  serve  as  deoxidizers  and  recarburizers,  and  impart  certain 
essential  qualities — toughness  and  hardness. 

Manganese  is  also  a  useful  alloy  in  bronze.  Its  compounds,  gen- 
erally the  oxide,  are  used  in  glass  making  and  in  electric  dry  batteries. 
It  is  employed  in  chemical  works  in  the  manufacture  of  chlorine  and 
bromine;  is  used  as  a  drier  for  varnishes,  and  as  a  coloring  material 
in  pottery  and  brick  making,  and  for  green  and  violet  paints.  The 
consumption  of  manganese  ore  for  these  purposes,  however,  is 
relatively  small  compared  to  its  use  in  steel. 

DOMESTIC  PRODUCTION. 

For  over  a  decade  previous  to  1915  the  domestic  production  of 
manganese  ore  rarely  exceeded  4,000  tons  annually.  Upon  the  out- 
break of  hostilities  in  Europe  (August,  1914),  the  demand  for  manga- 
nese became  increasingly  evident,  and  as  the  need  of  manganese 
alloy  by  steel  manufacturers  became  more  urgent  prices  of  the  ore 
rose  rapidly.  This  condition  resulted  in  strenuous  efforts  to  increase 
production.  In  1915  the  production  increased  to  nearlv  10,000  tons; 
in  1916,  to  31,000  tons;  in  1917,  to  128,000  tons;  and  in  1918,  to 
approximately  294,000  tons. 

i  Dr.  C.  K.  Leith  for  the  various  U.  S.  War  boards  (1918). 
128897—19 2 


10  UNITED  STATES  TARIFF   COMMISSION   REPORT. 

HISTORICAL. 

Prior  to  1870  the  value  of  manganese  ore  in  the  iron  industry  was 
not  generally  recognized.  The  iron  used  was  largely  in  the  form  of 
cast  and  wrought  iron,  to  which  no  manganese  is  added,  or  of  cru- 
cible steel  in  which  only  a  small  quantity  is  required.  The  develop- 
ment of  the  Bessemer  and  open-hearth  processes  of  making  steel 
about  this  time  created  a  demand  for  manganese  alloys,  and  during 
recent  years  it  has  been  the  ordinary  practice  to  add  from  10  to  17 
pounds  of  manganese,  in  the  form  of  f erromanganese  or  spiegeleisen, 
to  every  ton  of  steel  produced  by  these  processes. 

For  a  decade  before  the  European  war  (1914-1918)  the  United 
States  produced  less  than  1  per  cent  of  its  supply  of  manganese,  the 
rest  being  imported  from  British  India,  Russia,  and  Brazil  in  the 
form  of  ore,  and  from  England  in  the  form  of  f  erromanganese.  The 
closing  of  the  European  supply  and  the  partial  closing  of  the  British 
Indian  supply,  under  war  conditions,  made  it  necessary  to  turn  to 
Brazil  for  our  foreign  manganese.  At  the  same  time  vigorous  steps 
were  taken  to  develop  domestic  resources.  Patriotic  citizens  were 
urged  to  embark  on  new  mining  ventures  with  the  encouragement 
and  advice  of  the  Government  through  the  War  Industries  Board, 
Shipping  Board,  Geological  Survey,  and  Bureau  of  Mines.  The 
response  measured  in  actual  tonnage  of  manganese  and  other  muni- 
tion minerals  was  amazing,  yearly  production  of  manganese  increas- 
ing almost  a  hundredfold.  The  tonnage  of  high-grade  (35  per  cent) 
ore  increased  from  4,000  tons  in  1913  to  over  294,000  tons  in  1918. 
Low-grade  ores  containing  from  10  to  35  per  cent  manganese  were 
used  to  a  larger  extent  for  making  spiegeleisen  and  for  direct  addition 
in  the  smelting  of  pig  iron,  without  going  through  the  form  of  ferro 
alloy.  The  number  of  shippers  of  high-grade  ore  increased  from  18 
in  1914  to  210  in  1918. 

Even  before  the  passage  of  the  war  minerals  bill  (October,  1918)  it 
was  clear  that  the  real  necessity  for  legislative  stimulation  of  produc- 
tion for  most  of  the  munitions  minerals  had  passed.  The  preliminary 
estimates  of  consumption  as  prepared  by  the  different  Government 
departments  had  been  proven  excessive.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
supply-  from  various  sources  far  exceeded  the  preliminary  production 
estimates  by  prospective  shippers  to  the  Government  in  the  early  part 
of  the  year.  The  natural  result  of  a  combination  of  these  factors — 
overestimate  of  consumption,  change  in  rate  of  consumption,  under- 
estimate of  production,  Avith  imports  continuing  to  enter  the  country 
in  spite  of  embargo — was  a  serious  congestion  of  stocks.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  1919  consumers  are  stocked  with  considerably  over  a  year's 
requirements  in  manganese. 

As  a  result  of  the  domestic  developments  in  the  manganese  situa- 
tion the  Government  found  it  possible  in  1917  and  1918  to  restrict 
the  importation  of  ore  from  Brazil  and  other  foreign  countries  having 
a  long  haul,  for  the  sake  of  conserving  shipping,  while  importations 
from  Cuba  and  Central  America  were  encouraged  on  account  of  the 
short  haul.  Importations  of  ferromanganese  were  also  restricted 
early  in  1918,  but  later  in  the  year  a  special  exception  was  made  and 
12,000  tons  were  allowed  to  enter  from  England.1 

1  Import  restrictions  effective  during  the  war  period  are  given  below  under  "Imports." 


MANGANESE   ORE. 


11 


METHODS,  PROCESSES,  AND   EQUIPMENT. 

The  ordinary  methods  used  in  the  mining  of  iron  ores  are  em- 
ployed in  mining  manganese  ore. 

Most  of  the  mining  of  manganese  ore  is  done  near  the  surface,  and 
the  industry  is  not  characterized  by  heavy  investments,  although  a  few 
producers  have  installed  expensive  equipment  for  surface  mining  on  a 
large  scale  and  for  concentrating  the  ore. 

LOCALITIES   OF   PRODUCTION. 

Manganese  ore  deposits  occur  in  many  parts  of  the  United  States, 
but  are  most  abundant  in  Montana,  the  Appalachian  and  Piedmont 
regions,  in  the  southern  Mississippi  Valley,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Small  deposits  occur  in  New  England  and  in  the  Great  Basin  region. 

Up  to  1918  the  principal  producing  districts  had  been  the  James 
River,  Staunton  River,  and  the  Blue  Ridge  regions  in  Virginia,  the 
Cave  Springs  and  the  Cartersville  districts  in  Georgia,  the  Batesville 
district  in  Arkansas,  and  the  Livermore-Tesla  districts  in  California. 

The  greater  use,  small  and  rapidly  decreasing  stocks,  advancing 
prices,  and  other  conditions  in  the  manganese  situation  brought  about 
by  the  war  led  to  intensive  prospecting  and  abnormal  production 
in  1918.  During  that  year  15  States  that  had  no  manganese  mines 
in  operation  before  the  war  produced  over  250,000  tons  of  high-grade 
ore.  Montana  led  in  production,  mining  in  1918  over  60  per  cent 
of  the  country's  total.  Other  important  producing  States  during 
1918,  following  in  order  of  quantity  mined,  were:  California,  Nevada, 
Arizona,  and  Virginia. 

Manganiferous  iron  ores  (5  to  35  per  cent  Mn),  which  prior  to  the 
war  (1914)  had  been  produced  chiefly  in  Minnesota  and  Colorado, 
were  in  1918  produced  in  12  or  more  States,  the  principal  ones  being 
in  order  of  quantity  produced:  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Colorado, 
Nevada,  and  New  Mexico. 

Production  of  manganese  ore  in  United  States,  by  States.1 


19 

10 

19 

11 

19 

12 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Virginia 

Long  tons. 
22  258 

2  $22,  892 

Long  tons. 
3  2,  457 

'  $24,  586 

Long  tons. 
<  1,664 

<  $15,  723 

Mineral  Resources,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
Includes  Arkansas. 


Includes  California. 

Includes  California  and  South  Carolina. 


12  UNITED  STATES  TAKIFF   COMMISSION   REPOET. 

Production  of  manganese  ore  (35  per  cent  and  over) ,  in  the  United  States,  by  States.1 

[In  long  tons.] 


States. 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

Alabama  

200 

27 

264 

850 

Arizona      

380 

3,060 

14,  777 

17  300 

Arkansas  

1,288 

6,318 

10,140 

9  500 

California  

501 

2,563 

6,136 

14,346 

25,000 

Colorado  

15 

8 

150 

110 

60 

1  667 

Georgia                                          . 

3  168 

1  572 

3  614 

6  900 

Montana  

6,418 

58,989 

182,200 

Nevada      

309 

3  450 

23  000 

New  Mexico  

506 

2  623 

2  320 

North  Carolina  

102 

315 

South  Carolina  

405 

100 

Tennessee  

150 

429 

1,879 

4,100 

Texas  

50 

800 

25 

350 

Utah    ..           

85 

1,282 

4  880 

6  200 

Virginia  

4,048 

1,724 

1,620 

4,417 

12,  469 

14,300 

Wyoming  

30 

Allother                 

90 

395 

Total  

4,063 

2,233 

9,654 

31,474 

128,053 

294,497 

i  Mineral  Resources,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

Production  of  manganiferous  iron  ore  in  United  States,  by  States.1 
[In  long  tons.J 


States. 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

A  rkansas  

4,133 

4,066 

3,325 

5,030 

2,177 

1,332 

Colorado 

99,711 

51,554 

65,  024 

55,770 

41,753 

48,  618 

Lake  Superior  region  

314,316 

467.  140 

775,035 

558,634 

477,920 

816,984 

Virginia  

274 

305 

301 

507 

1,567 

All  other 

7,000 

Total  ...                

425,  160 

523,034 

843,689 

619,  735 

522,357 

868,501 

1  Mineral  Resources,  U.S.  Geological  Survey. 

Production  of  manganiferous  iron  ore  in  United  States,  by  States. 
[In  long  tons.] 


States. 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 

U918 

Ari/ona 

7  392 

34  449 

2  13  850 

Arkansas  

9,050 

1,970 

2,655 

3,082 

15,315 

11,000 

California  

139 

142 

CO 

Colorado 

49,  738 

39,  873 

15  956 

90,  875 

103,301 

3  115  000 

Georgia  

676 

4,397 

13,281 

13  400 

Minnesota  

26,200 

55,  192 

42,973 

240,  403 

451,163 

862,500 

Montana.  ..  .        .        

4,505 

Nevada 

122  429 

122  872 

'72  000 

New  Mexico  

16,008 

15,900 

31,500 

Tennessf  e  

90 

3,100 

Utah..    . 

177 

130 

Virginia  

1,222 

1.944 

37,700 

33,590 

17,200 

Wisconsin 

10,016 

3,9S2 

200  327 

*  210  000 

All  other 

844 

53  183 

139  300 

Total  

85,588 

9S,  257 

74,820 

531,088 

1,04S,2«:0 

5  1,079,0(10 

1  Estimate  based  on  9  months'  returns. 

2  Includes  12.850  tons  of  fluxing  ore  not  included  in  total. 

3  Fluxing  ore  not  included  in  total. 

4  Ore  containing  5  per  cent  (approximately)  manganese  not  included  in  total. 

'  Does  not  include  ore  used  for  fluxing  or  ore  containing  approximately  5  per  cent  manganese. 


MANGANESE   ORE. 


13 


RELATION   OF   DOMESTIC    PRODUCTION    TO   DOMESTIC    CONSUMPTION. 

The  approximate  available  supply  of  manganese  ore  in  the  United 
States  during  the  normal  years  (up  to  1914)  preceding  the  European 
War  may  be  taken  as  a  fair  indication  of  the  domestic  consumption. 
During  the  four  years  before  the  war,  1911  to  1914  inclusive,  the 
amount  consumed  annually  ranged  from  180,000  to  350,000  tons, 
the  average  for  the  four-year  period  being  284,000  tons.  During  the 
same  period  the  imports  of  ferromanganese  averaged  98,000  tons. 
The  domestic  production  of  ore  was  comparatively  insignificant, 
amounting  to  between  1,700  and  4,000  tons  annually,  the  average  for 
the  four-year  period  being  2,700  tons,  or  only  about  1  per  cent  of  the 
average  annual  consumption  of  ore. 

Under  the  influence  of  high  prices  and  a  keen  demand,  as  a  result 
of  the  greatly  increased  output  of  steel  for  the  warring  nations  in 
Europe,  domestic  production  of  manganese  ore  began  to  increase 
rapidly,  amounting  in  1915  to  3  per  cent  of  the  total  consumption; 
to  5i  per  cent  in  1916;  to  17\  per  cent  in  1917;  and  to  34^  per  cent  in 
1918.  The  imports  of  ferromanganese  declined  during  this  same 
period,  from  55,263  tons  in  1915  to  34,217  tons  in  1918. 

Consumption. 


Calendar  year. 

Domes- 
tic pro- 
duction.1 

Imports  for  con- 
sumption.2 

Exports. 

Approx- 
imate 
available3 
supply.  « 

Propor- 
tion of 
available 
supply 
produced 
in  United 
States. 

Ore. 

Ferro- 
man- 
ganese. 

1911 

Long  tons. 
2,457 
1,664 
4,  063 
2,  233 
9,654 
31,474 
128,053 
5  294,  497 

Long  tons. 
176,828 
320,636 
345,  108 
283,  464 
320,778 
569,  569 
629,972 
557,711 

Long  tons. 
80,  263 
»99,  137 
128,070 
82,997 
5o,263 
90,928 
45,381 
34,217 

Long  tons. 

Long  tons. 
363,  890 
550,  315 
643,732 
476,590 
457,537 
810,  177 
856,  881 
922,680 

Per  cent. 
0.68 
.30 
.63 
.47 
2.11 
3.89 
14.94 
31.92 

1912    

1913  

1914 

1915     

1916  

1917  

5,520 

8,227 

1918     

1  From  pp.  11  and  12.    Does  not  include  low-grade  ores  for  making  spiegeleisen. 

a  From  United  States  Department  of  Commerce  Quarterly  Reports  of  Imports  for  Consumption.    • 

3  No  domestic  ore  is  exported.    Figures  are  for  ferromanganese  converted  to  ore  equivalent  at  the  rate 
of  2.3  tons  of  ore  equal  1  ton  of  80  per  cent  ferromanganese  (after  consultation  with  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey). 

4  Total  production  and  imports  less  exports.    Actual  ore  plus  ore  equivalent  of  ferromanganese,  con- 
verted at  the  rate  of  2.3  tons  of  ore  equal  1  ton  of  80  per  cent  ferromanganese. 

6  Estimated. 

EXPORTS    OF   DOMESTIC   PRODUCT. 

The  United  States  is  an  importer  and  not  an  exporter  of  manga- 
nese ore.  No  domestic  manganese  is  exported,  and  only  insignificant 
quantities  of  the  foreign  ore  imported  is  reexported,  nearly  all  of 
which  goes  to  Canada.  In  1918  small  amounts  of  ferromanganese 
were  exported  to  Canada  and  Italy.1 

FOREIGN  PRODUCTION. 

Russia  and  India  have  for  years  been  the  leading  manganese  ore 
producing  countries,  supplying  around  80  per  cent  of  the  world's 
requirements.  Brazil  is  also  a  large  producer,  normally  supplying 
about  10  per  cent  of  the  world's  total  output.2  Relatively  little 
ore  is  used  in  these  countries,  most  of  it  being  sent  to  the  large 
consuming  countries  of  Europe  and  to  the  United  States.  The 

1  Dr.  C.  K.  Leith  for  various  United  States  war  boards. 

2  For  opinion  as  to  waning  importance  of  Brazil  resources,  see  letter  of  F.  Lymvood  Garrison,  Auxiliary 
File. 


14 


UNITED  STATES  TARIFF  COMMISSION  REPORT. 


Indian  ore  has  been  used  largely  by  Great  Britain,  but  much  of  it 
has  gone  to  the  United  States,  France,  and  Germany.  A  small  quan- 
tity is  used  in  Russia. 

Smaller  quantities  are  produced  by  Germany,  Austria-Hungary, 
Japan,  and  Spain.  That  produced  by  Germany  and  Austria-Hun- 
gary is  used  in  their  domestic  industries.  Japanese  and  Spanish  ore  is 
in  large  part  exported. 

In  1915,  Cuba  became  a  producer  of  manganese  ore  and  one  of 
special  importance  to  the  United  States  on  account  of  its  close 
proximity  to  our  eastern  seacoast.  Cuba  produced  9,000  tons  in 
1915,  a  quantity  about  equal  to  that  produced  by  the  United  States; 
and  33,120  tons  in  1916,  an  amount  about  one-fifth  greater  than  the 
United  States  production.  The  Cuban  ore  is  not  as  rich  in  manga- 
nese as  the  ores  of  this  country. 

Russia  is  the  main  source  of  high-grade  ore  for  use  in  chemical 
industries.  The  ore  is  of  a  fine  earthy  nature,  some  of  it  running 
from  48  to  52  per  cent  manganese  as  it  comes  from  the  mine.  Con- 
centrate of  exceptional  purity,  obtained  by  washing,  contains  81  to 
92  per  cent  of  manganese  dioxide  and  less  than  1  per  cent  of  iron. 
Some  of  the  ore  is  used  in  paint  and  pottery  industries,  and  the  high- 
grade  concentrate  goes  into  the  manufacture  of  dry  batteries  and  of 
flint  glass,  to  which  it  is  admirably  adapted. 

Altnough  the  main  advantage  of  the  Russian  ore  is  its  purity,  by 
far  the  larger  part  of  it  is  used  in  the  iron  industry.  As  a  general 
rule  the  ore  exported  has  been  sorted  and  will  average  51  to  52  per 
cent  manganese,  about  0.16  per  cent  phosphorus,  and  not  over  8 
per  cent  silica.1  There  are  some  serious  practical  objections  to  the 
physical  character  of  the  Caucasian  manganese  ore. 

The  Japanese  ore  rivals  the  Russian  product  in  purity  but  is  not 
produced  in  such  large  quantities.  It  is,  however,  an  important 
source  of  ore  for  battery  and  chemical  purposes,  especially  during 
the  late  war  period. 

Production  of  manganese  ore  in  principal  foreign  countries.3 
[In  long  tons.] 


Countries. 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

5 

67 

25 

180 

854 

141 

Cuba 

9,000 

33,120 

48,031 

3  85,  390 

Brazil  < 

249  954 

171  172 

152  431 

120  368 

180  738 

284,111 

3  495,  172 

15  447 

15  703 

12  275 

16  280 

(6) 

(6) 

(6) 

Bosnia  and  Herze- 

3  937 

3  543 

4  577 

5,709 

4,055 

(6) 

(6) 

7  874 

5  906 

5  488 

7  610 

(5) 

(5) 

(6) 

79  291 

85  921 

(6) 

(')  748 

(5) 

(5) 

(5) 

G  recce. 

40 

721 

7,595 

(6) 

(5) 

13  061 

14  523 

10  662 

18  706 

(5) 

(6) 

(5) 

Italy 

4  134 

3  460 

2  599 

1  596 

1  623 

«  12  379 

18  147 

... 

719  90 

»  572  028 

»911  742 

9  1  289  370 

703,  762 

»  8,  705 

10  8,  722 

........ 

8  47 

5  519 

17  126 

21,2.54 

12,947 

14,102 

13,9.54 

5  71 

5  347 

5  082 

3  938 

3  585 

7,487 

35,854 

5  46 

4  987 

4  170 

5,393 

3,437 

4,640 

5,  140 

India 

800  90 

670  290 

633  080 

815  047 

682  898 

450  436 

(6) 

11  12 

9  615 

11  862 

18  016 

16,807 

5,400 

7,749 

Cape  Colony 

5 

«  116 

C6) 

(5) 

(6) 

(6) 

Australia... 

81 

1.151 

328 

;  27 

6 

200 

(M 

i  E.  C.  Harder,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

*  Mineral  Resources,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

*  Preliminary  estimate. 


4  Exports. 

»  Statistics  not  yet  available. 

•  Statistics  not  available  for  Empire.    Prussia  produced  91,018  tons. 

'  Ore  with  30  per  cent  manganese,  748  tons;  ore  with  12  to  30  per  cent  manganese,  324,823  tons. 
8  Ore  with  18  to  45  per  cent  manganese. 

•  Exports  from  I'ati  an1  datum.    Shipments  from  Tschiatouri  district,  Kutais  Province,  were  703,269 
tons  in  1914,  31,470  tons  in  1915. 

10  Shipments  from  Tschiatouri  district,  Kutais  Province,  in  1916  were  117,800  tons. 


MANGANESE  ORE.  15 

TRANSPORTATION. 

The  greater  part  of  the  imported  ore  goes  to  consumers  over  com- 
paratively short  distances  by  rail  from  the  entry  ports  of  Baltimore 
and  Philadelphia.  One  large  consumer — of  Cuban  ore  chiefly — lo- 
cated at  Sparrows  Point,  Ma.,  unloads  the  ore  directly  from  vessel 
to  plant. 

Most  of  the  Russian  ore  has  come  from  the  district  of  Tschiatouri 
over  from  90  to  126  miles  of  railroad  to  the  ports  of  Pati  and  Batum 
on  the  Black  Sea.  Much  of  the  Russian  ore  imported  into  the  United 
States  before  the  war  (1914-1918)  was  transshipped  from  England 
and  Germany. 

Most  of  the  ore  mines  of  British  India  are  located  on  railways, 
although  some  of  the  ore  is  carted  from  the  mine  to  the  railroad  over 
distances  varying  from  1  to  20  miles  and  then  transported  by  rail 
from  about  130  to  600  miles  to  the  shipping  ports  Bombay,  Calcutta, 
Madras,  or  Goa. 

The  bulk  of  the  ore  exported  from  Brazil  is  mined  from  283  to  310 
miles  from  the  shipping  port  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  to  which  it  is  trans- 
ported from  the  mines  oy  rail. 

The  ore  of  Cuba  comes  chiefly  from  the  -Province  of  Oriente,  much 
of  which  must  be  transported  in  carts  or  automobiles  from  3  to  15 
miles  to  the  railroad.  The  ore  has  only  a  short  distance  to  travel 
by  rail  to  the  ports  of  Santiago  and  Nipe,  from  which  it  is  shipped 
to  the  United  States. 

IMPORTS. 

Before  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  in  Europe  (1914)  the  United 
States  received  nearly  all  of  its  foreign  manganese  ore  from  three 
countries — British  India,  Brazil,  and  Russia.  In  the  fiscal  year  1914 
the  last  normal  year  before  the  war,  these  three  countries  supplied 
99  per  cent  of  the  total  imports,  divided  as  follows:  British  India  40 
per  cent,  Brazil  25  per  cent,  and  Russia  34  per  cent.  After  1915, 
because  of  war  conditions,  imports  from  Russia  stopped  and  the 
quantity  received  from  British  India  was  greatly  reduced;  conse- 
quently imports  from  Brazil  began  to  show  large  annual  increases. 

In  1915  Cuba  began  mining  manganese  ore,  the  industry  being 
promoted  by  American  interests  and  the  entire  production  sent  to 
the  United  States.     The  quantity  imported  from  Cuba  shows  annual 
increases  from  550  tons  in  the  fiscal  year  1915  to  67,780  tons  in  1918 
an  amount  equal  to  one-twelfth  of  our  total  imports. 


16 


UNITED  STATES  TARIFF   COMMISSION   REPORT. 


Imports  by  countries. 

MANGANESE,  OXIDE  AND  ORE  OF. 


] 

L910 

1911 

: 

1912 

Imported  from  — 

Long 
tons. 

Dollars. 

Long 
tons. 

Dollars. 

Long 
tons. 

Dollars. 

Europe: 
Belgium     .                

795 

9,937 

1,494 

16,965 

673 

8,539 

France              

4,528 

58,899 

3,398 

44,648 

4,233 

53,234 

Germany  

4,376 

80,765 

4,919 

83,809 

2,431 

60,867 

Netherlands  .  .        

£15 

8,000 

169 

2,927 

1,015 

11,828 

Russia  in  Europe       .         .... 

50 

805 

710 

10,  392 

5,450 

30,  635 

United  Kingdom  

2,359 

42,138 

935 

18,  629 

750 

14,616 

North  America: 

353 

4,758 

31 

695 

56 

2,071 

Cuba                                       -  - 

2 

26 

South  America: 
Brazil              

45,650 

446,309 

57,700 

534,  263 

63,680 

421,680 

Asia: 
British  India  .        

138,  825 

662,  117 

130,  755 

643,907 

98,091 

459,  549 

1,380 

20,  679 

7 

97 

37,904 

257,  640 

9,091 

96,  695 

21,580 

229,  406 

2 

150 

Total                    

237,037 

1..V)-'.07:-! 

209,211 

1,  453,  177 

197,959 

1,292,425 

1 

913 

1 

914 

1 

915 

Imported  from  — 

Long 
tons. 

Dollars. 

Long 
tons. 

Dollars  . 

Long 
tons. 

Dollars. 

Europe: 
Belgium  

250 

3  313 

200 

2  600 

France  

416 

5.755 

703 

8  403 

Germany  

2  979 

82  468 

1  617 

109  926 

1  238 

61  021 

Netherlands  

2  555 

54  005 

Russia  in  Rnrnpft.    . 

13  636 

83  848 

34  gio 

197  736 

2  500 

12  285 

United  Kingdom  

202 

8  044 

219 

12  951 

8*292 

135  763 

North  America: 
Canada  

5 

631 

154 

3  157 

Cuba  

550 

9  904 

South  America: 
Brazil  

71  300 

443  523 

72  189 

466  126 

121  155 

781  224 

Asia: 
British  India  

167,319 

845  871 

115,685 

571  413 

58  975 

286,951 

Japan  

3 

78 

722 

16,  478 

Russia  in  Asia  

125i  736 

693  812 

63  230 

471  544 

10  510 

130,420 

Allother  

5,600 

32,631 

3 

40 

g 

1,177 

Total  

387  196 

2  196  661 

288  706 

1  841  451 

206  859 

1  494  985 

1 

916 

1 

M7 

1 

918 

Imported  from  — 

Long 
tons. 

Dollars. 

Long 
tons. 

Dollars. 

Long 
tons. 

Dollars. 

Europe: 
Germany  

3 

2,017 

I  "nit  ed  Kingdom  

108 

8,167 

500 

88,317 

2,239 

383,  732 

North  America: 
Canada  

710 

56,585 

440 

40,  060 

832 

32,  928 

Costa  Rica  

357 

11,363 

4,095 

116,824 

6,017 

184,575 

Panama  

3,115 

89,019 

9,  885 

248,  873 

3,676 

129,000 

Mexico  

11 

836 

379 

6.282 

.     1,114 

32,605 

Cuba  

20,  335 

338,  528 

33,  534 

461,835 

67,  780 

1,479,314 

South  America: 
Brazil  

409,  605 

4,330,137 

541,043 

8,965,110 

427,267 

9,090,380 

Chile  

18 

2,804 

44,  838 

Asia: 
British  India  

52,999 

312,466 

60,  136 

498,  634 

37,  150 

442,  557 

Japan  

4  909 

180,772 

3,007 

92  608 

2,419 

79,645 

All  other  

708 

28,  203 

3,069 

27,  425 

6,720 

44,941 

Total  

492,  860 

5,358,093 

6.56,  0X8 

10,545,986 

558,018 

11,944,515 

MANGANESE  ORE. 


17 


Grades  and  kinds. — Nearly  all  of  the  ore  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
dry  batteries  and  in  the  chemical  industry  has  come  from  Russia. 
Most  of  the  ore  imported  from  Russia,  however,  goes  into  steel  making, 
although  some  objection  has  been  found  to  it  on  account  of  its  fineness. 
A  much  smaller  supply  of  chemical  ore  of  similarly  high  purity  is  also 
imported  from  Japan. 

Twenty  analyses  of  manganese  ores  from  10  districts  of  British 
India  showed  the  following  ranges  in  percentage  composition:  Man- 
ganese, 30  to  58.64;  silica,  1  to  18.48;  and  phosphorus,  0.01  to  0.65. 
The  average  analysis,  in  percentages,  was:  Manganese,  40.13;  silica, 
5.43;  and  phosphorus  0.18.1 

Brazilian  ores  from  the  Lafayette  and  Bahia  districts  showed  in 
10  analyses:  Manganese,  43  to  55.14  per  cent;  silica,  1  to  7  per  cent; 
and  phosphorus,  0.01  to  0.15  per  cent.  The  average  analysis  was: 
Manganese,  50.82  per  cent;  silica,  2.68  per  cent;  and  phosphorus, 
0.057  per  cent.1 

A  census  of  manganese  ore  in  the  United  States  taken  by  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  showed  the  following  analysis  of  foreign 
stocks  on  hand  July  31,  1918: 

Average  manganese  content  of  stocks  of  foreign  manganese  ore  in  the  United  States  on 

July  31,  1918. 


Country. 

Manganese 
content. 

Country. 

Manganese 
content. 

Russia  

Per  cent. 
44.03 

Chile  

Per  cent. 
48.00 

British  India 

50.65 

Panama  

51  04 

Brazil. 

43.00 

Porto  Rico  .  . 

50  79 

Cuba  

37.50 

Mexico  

43.20 

Costa  Rica              . 

44.60 

japan 

55  30 

Import  restrictions* — The  American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  acted 
as  consignee  for  all  manganese  (including  ore  and  ferro-manganese) 
from  December  15,  1917,  until  February  20,  1919.  Transoceanic 
shipments  were  greatly  restricted  and  after  July  19,  1918,  even 
Asiatic  ore  was  practically  cut  off  until  January,  1919,  when  the 
importation  of  manganese  ore  was  permitted  from  any  nonenemy 
country. 

Distribution  in  United  States  for  consumption. — Most  of  the  for- 
eign manganese  ore  enters  the  United  States  through  the  ports  of 
Baltimore  and  Philadelphia,  from  where  it  is  distributed  largely  to  the 
various  ferromanganese  furnaces  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania. 

Persistence.—  Up  to  the  present  time  (1918)  imports  of  manganese 
ore  have  been  made  in  quantities  varying  but  little  from  year  to 
year.  The  insufficient  home  production  of  high-grade  ore  and  the 
more  uniform  quality  of  the  foreign  ore  are  the  factors  responsible 
for  the  steady  importation. 

1  E.  C.  Harder,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey.    (The  Brazilian  ores  are  now,  1919,  not  so  high  grade.    F.  L. 
Garrison.) 

2  This  subject  is  treated  more  fully  in  T.  I.  C.  Unit  No.  5,  p.  4d,  and  in  the  Auxiliary  File. 


18 


UNITED  STATES  TARIFF  COMMISSION  REPORT. 


Imports  for  consumption,  by  fiscal  years. 

MANGANESE.  OXIDE  AND  OEE  OF. 


Fiscal  years. 

Rates  of  duty. 

Quantities 
(long  tons). 

Values. 

Value  per 
unit  of 
quantity. 

1907  

Free... 

205,  295.  86 

$1,672,654 

$8  15. 

1908  

do  

218,  568.  42 

1,  773,  018 

8  11 

1909  

do  

165  059  75 

1  243  657 

7  53 

1910  

do  

247,  226.  63 

1,  594,  425 

6  45 

1911  

do... 

209,  566.  80 

1,  453,  177 

6.93 

1912  .-.  

do  

197,959  81 

1  292  435 

6  53 

1913  

do  

407,  168.  99 

2,  195,  565 

5  39 

1914  

do  

288,  837.  00 

1,841,472 

6.37 

1915  

do  

206  913  00 

1  494  965 

7  23 

1916  

do  

492,  967.  00 

5,  358,  087 

10.87 

1917  

do  

656,  026.  00 

10,  542,  572 

16.07 

1918  

do  

557,711.00 

11,944,515 

21.42 

Revenue. — Manganese  oxide  and  ore  have  been  admitted  free  of 
duty  since  1872. 

PRICES. 

The  value  of  manganese  ores  depends  on  their  mineralogical  nature 
as  well  as  on  their  purity  and  manganese  content.  The  prices  paid 
for  ores  of  medium  grade,  for  which  the  demand  is  greatest,  are  rela- 
tively stable,  but  the  value  of  high-grade  ores,  which  are  consumed 
in  much  smaller  quantities  and  for  special  purposes,  fluctuates 
greatly. 

The  price  of  manganese  ore  reached  $1  and  higher  per  unit  in  1917, 
as  compared  with  a  price  of  65  cents  in  1916,  45  cents  in  1915,  and 
from  23  to  30  cents  before  the  war.  Based  on  50  per  cent  ore,  the 
standard  grade  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  ferromanganese, 
these  prices  correspond  to  $50,  $32.50,  $22.50,  and  from  $11.50  to 
$15  per  long  ton. 

Heavy  discounts  obtained  for  ore  containing  lower  percentages  of 
the  metal.  As  late  as  1915,  ore  containing  less  than  40  per  cent  had 
a  very  limited  market.  But  the  differentials  narrowed  during  the 
war  period  by  reason  of  the  shortage  of  imported  ore  and  the  gener- 
ally low  grade  of  domestic  deposits.  The  annual  average  prices 
given  below  are  the  averages  for  domestic  ore  of  varying  grades, 
f.  o.  b.  mines  and  reflect  the  low  grade  of  the  material. 

Average  wholesale  prices  of  manganese  ore.1 
[Per  l«ng  ton  of  domestic  ore  at  mine.] 


Years, 

1910 $10. 14 

1911 10.  01 

1912 9.  45 

1913 .  .  10.  00 


Years. 

1914 $10.  39 

1915 11.67 

1916 23.  24 

1917  .  .  28.  00 


Government  price  fixing  was  the  factor  in  the  latter  part  of  1918. 
Previous  to  that,  the  schedule  of  the  Carnegie  Steel  Co.,  of  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.,  was  the  standard  of  value.  Both  these  schedules  are 
given  in  detail  in  the  Auxiliary  File.  The  specifications  are  based  on 
ore  containing  not  over  8  per  cent  silica  ana  not  more  than  0.25  per 


1  Mineral  Resources,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


MANGANESE  ORE. 


19 


cent  phosphorus.  Excess  of  these  impurities  above  these  limits  is 
penalized.  In  general,  very  little  ore  containing  an  excess  of  25  per 
cent  silica  can  be  used. 

The  fluctuations  in  the  prices  of  foreign  ore  are  reflected  fairly 
accurately  in  the  statistics  of  imports.  The  prices  show  a  gradual 
fall  down  to  a  minimum  of  only  a  little  more  than  $5  a  ton  in  1913, 
with  a  rapid  rise  during  the  war  period.  Statistics  as  to  the  prices 
of  manganese  ore  in  foreign  countries  have  not  been  obtained,  but 
they  are  known  to  be  much  lower  than  in  the  United  States. 
Manganese  ore  was  shipped  to  England  from  British  India  in  ballast 
and  was  sold  to  consumers  there  much  cheaper  than  American  con- 
sumers could  get  their  supplies. 

TARIFF  HISTORY. 

Manganese  ore  has  been  exempt  from  duty  since  1872.  Foreign 
countries  generally  also  admit  it  free  of  duties. 

Rates  of  duty. 

MANGANESE,  OXIDE  AND  ORE  OF. 


Act  of- 

Par. 

Tariff  classification  or  dascription. 

Kates  of  duty, 
cific  and  ad 
lorem. 

spe- 
va- 

1883..  . 

623 

Mangane; 

e,  oxide  and  ore  of  

Free. 

1890..   . 

643 

...do.  . 

Do. 

1894..   . 

546 

do... 

Do. 

1897..   . 

607 

...do... 

Do. 

1909 

619 

do 

Do. 

1913..   . 

540 

do.. 

Do. 

COURT  AND  TREASURY  DECISIONS. 

There  have  been  many  decisions  upon  what  constitutes  manganese 
ore  for  tariff  purposes.  In  1879  the  Treasury  Department  held  that 
to  be  dutiable  as  manganese  ore  the  commodity  must  contain  50  per 
cent  or  more  of  manganese  and  not  more  than  10  per  cent  of  iron. 
(Dept.  Order,  T.  D.  4114;  followed  in  T.  D.  7273.) 

An  importation  containing  less  than  50  per  cent  of  manganese  but 
not  more  than  10  per  cent  of  iron  was,  however,  held  entitled  to  free 
entry  either  as  manganese  ore  or  as  an  unenumerated  article  similar 
thereto.  (Appeal,  T.  D.  9954.) 

Ore  containing  from  48  to  51  per  cent  of  manganese  and  from  1  to  2 
per  cent  of  iron  was  held  entitled  to  free  entry  as  manganese  ore. 
(Dept.  Order,  T.  D.  16550.)  These  percentages  were  next  changed 
to  40  to  50  per  cent  of  manganese  or  more  and  less  than  10  per  cent 
of  iron.  (Dept.  Order,  T.  D.  19184.) 

A  product  recoverable  from  manganese  after  use  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  chlorine  was  held  exempt  from  duty  as  oxide  of  manganese. 
(Appeal,  T.  D.  8429.) 

Oxide  of  manganese,  classified  as  a  chemical  compound,  was  held 
entitled  to  free  entry  under  the  specific  provision  therefor  in  the  act 
of  1909.  (Abstract  35681,  T.  D.  34468.) 

Merchandise,  invoiced  as  Braunstein  Grob,  consisting  of  a  chemical 
mixture  composed  of  manganese  oxide  and  about  four-tenths  of  1  per 
cent  of  nickel  oxide,  was  held  exempt  from  duty  as  oxide  of  manganese 


UNITED  STATES  TARIFF   COMMISSION   REPORT. 


and  not  dutiable  as  a  chemical  mixture  under  the  act  of  1909,  nickel 
oxide  being  declared  naturally  present.  (Abstract  36912,  T.  D. 
34933.) 

COMPETITIVE  CONDITIONS. 

During  the  war  period,  the  production  of  manganese  ore  in  the 
United  States  was  a  profitable  industry  in  many  localities,  but  only 
because  prices  were  from  three  to  four  times  those  existing  prior 
to  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  in  Europe.  With  the  return  of  prewar 
conditions  the  industry  faces  practical  annihilation. 

Foreign  ores  are  of  better  average  grade  and  more  easily  mined 
than  the  domestic  deposits.  The  average  grade  of  imported  ore  is 
from  45  to  55  per  cent  manganese  as  compared  to  domestic  "high 
grade"  running  from  35  to  45  per  cent.  Operating  costs  in  the 
United  States  are  much  higher.  Another  factor  is  that  most  of  the 
American  mines  are  situated  in  localities  remote  from  the  points 
of  consumption,  often  at  considerable  distances  from  the  railroad. 

Until  the  dislocation  of  shipping  as  a  result  of  the  submarine 
menace,  it  was  generally  believed  that  domestic  mines  could  not 
furnish  any  large  tonnage  of  manganese.  The  record  of  production 
disproves  this  impression,  but  the  domestic  industry  was  developed 
only  under  extraordinary  conditions,  high  prices,  and  practically 
complete  freedom  from  foreign  competition.  The  war  disturbance 
also  fostered  a  mushroom  industry  in  Cuba  and  other  countries  that 
had  not  hitherto  been  able  to  develop  any  important  output  as  long 
as  shipments  from  India,  Russia,  and,  to  less  extent,  Brazil  were 
unrestricted.  Costs  in  all  districts  increased  greatly,  but  nowhere 
did  they  increase  as  much  as  they  did  in  the  United  States. 

RESERVES. 

Domestic  reserves  of  manganese  ore  are  sufficient  for  only  a  few 
years.  The  amount  of  high-grade  ore  (35  per  cent  or  more)  in  sight 
is  only  699,750  tons,  with  1,130,000  tons  more  in  prospect.1  Taking 
the  normal  consumption  in  this  country  as  350,000  tons,  these 
reserves  would  be  exhausted  in  from  two  to  five  years.2 

Russia,  India,  and  Brazil  have  very  large  deposits  of  manganese 
ore.  The  reserves  of  the  Tschiatouri  and  Nicopal  districts  in  Russia 
are  estimated  at  117,400,000  tons.  Three  districts  in  India  have 
reserves  of  11,137,000  tons,  while  the  reserves  of  two  mines  (Wigg  and 
Morro  da  Mina)  of  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  are  7,000,000  tons.3  This 
ore  is  all  much  higher  grade  than  that  of  the  domestic  deposits 
Other  countries  have  less  important  supplies. 

COSTS.4 

The  average  cost  of  producing  clean  manganese  ore  (containing 
35  per  cent  or  more  manganese)  in  the  United  States  in  the  latter 
part  of  1918  was  $19.53  per  long  ton  f.  o.  b.  mine.  To  this  must  be 
added  the  freight  to  the  furnace  and  war  taxes. 

>  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Dec.  1918. 

2  On  basis  of  an  annual  production  of  45,000,000  tons  steel  domestic  consumption  of  manganese  ores  is 
about  S.%0.000  tons.  The  reserves  in  known  deposits  therefore  are  only  available  for  one  or  possibly  two  or 
three  years. 

8  E.  C.  Harder.    Manganese  Ores  of  Russia,  India,  Brazil,  and  Chile.    1916. 

«  A  detailed  study  of  domestic,  Brazilian,  and  Cuban  costs  by  \V.  R.  Crane  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines 
will  be  found  in  the  Auxiliary  File  and  has  been  drawn  upon  freely  for  the  figures  presented  in  this  section. 


MANGANESE  ORE. 


21 


Cost  per  ton  of  production  and  delivery  in  the   United  States  of  domestic  and  foreign 

manganese  ore. 


Cost  items. 

United 
States.» 

Rus- 
sia.* 

India.8 

Brazil.* 

Morro 
da 
Mina. 

Wigg 
Mine. 

Ouro 
Prato. 

Santa 
Bar- 
bara. 

Mining  f  .  o.  b.  ears    

$19.  53 
3.47 

$1.45 
3.00 
3.12 

$0.  32-$0.  97 
3.00 
4.  28-  6.  85 

$4.00 
3.00 
2.15 
1.85 

$5.00 
3.00 
2.15 
1.85 

$5.00 
3.00 
5.60 

$5.00 
3.00 
'8.15 

Freight  to  furnace,  war  taxes,  etc  

Transportation  to  shipping  port  

Export  tax  

Port  and  other  charges  

1.12 

.53-  1.04 

2.50 
'15.00 

2.50 
«15.00 

Ocean  freight  

63.77 

3.  24-  4.  26 

«15.00 

«  15.  00 

Total  

23.00 

12.46 

11.  37-16.  12 

26.00 

27.00 

31.10 

33.65 

1  W.  R.  Crane.  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines.    Cost  of  Manganese  Production  in  the  United  States. 

2  Tschiatouri  district.    E.  C.  Harder,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey.    Manganese  Ores  of  Russia,  India,  Brazil,  and 
Chile,  1916. 

8  Central  provinces.    Memoirs  37.    Manganese  Deposits  of  India,  Fermor,  converted  at  1  rupee  ($0.3244). 
*  E.  C.  Harder,  Report  to  Dr.  C.  K.  Leith.    Nov.  1,  1918,  covering  trip  in  1917.    Ouro  Prato  and  Santa 
Barbara  have  suffered  increased  freight  rates,  the  other  companies  are  still  operating  under  old  contracts. 

6  Rate  from  Pati  to  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore.    Shipping  World.    June  11 . 1913. 
«  War-time  rate.    Prewar  rate  $2.88. 

7  Includes  $2.50  haulage  to  station. 

These  items  ranged  from  S3. 50  to  $12  per  ton  according  to  the 
locality.  A  fair  average  of  the  cost  of  ore  delivered  at  the  furnace 
during  that  period  is  $23  per  long  ton,  or,  based  on  the  average  man- 
ganese content  of  41  per  cent,  $0.56  per  unit  of  metal  content.1 

• 

Cost  of  manganese  ore  delivered  at  furnace  under  war  conditions.2 


Tonnage 
for  1918. 

Esti- 
mated 
cost 
f.  o.  b. 
railway 
cars. 

Esti- 
mated 
freight  to 
furnace. 

Total 
cost  de- 
livered 
furnace. 

Average 
per  cent 
manga- 
nese; 

Esti- 
mated 
cost  per 
unit  of 
manga- 
nese. 

UNITED  STATES. 

Alabama. 

850 

$12.00 

$7.50 

$19.  50 

50 

$0.50 

Arizona  .          .          .     

17,300 

14.00 

11.00 

25.00 

41 

.61 

Arkansas  

9,500 

17.50 

5.00 

22.50 

41 

.55 

California 

25,000 

12.00 

13.00 

25.00 

43 

.58 

Georgia  

6,900 

15.00 

7.50 

22.50 

40 

.56 

Montana: 
Butte      

63,000 

5.00 

11.00 

16.00 

37 

.43 

Philipsburg  

119,000 

15.00 

11.00 

26.00 

42 

.62 

Nevada 

23,000 

12.00 

12.00 

24.00 

42 

.57 

New  Mexico  ..             . 

2,300 

14.00 

10.  00 

24.00 

42 

.57 

Tennessee 

4  100 

22  50 

6.00 

28.50 

20 

.71 

Utah.. 

6,200 

14.00 

11.00 

25.00 

43 

.58 

Virginia  

14,000 

15.00 

3.50 

18.50 

42 

.44 

Others 

3,347 

Total  

294,  497 

Weighted  average.%  

25.00 

41 

.56 

FOREIGX. 

Cuba  

/      29.00 

/            -74 

Brazil 

\      16.00 
/      33.35 

j            .40 
/            -~4 

... 

\      18.00 

i            .40 

1  This  average  includes  many  small  mines.    At  chief  points  of  production  in  Montana  (the  main  domestic 
field)— namely,  Butte  and  Philipsburg— a  cost  considerably  less  than  this  would  be  shown.    It  is  claimed 
by  Anaconda"  Copper  Manufacturing  Co.  that  if  industry  were  on  a  more  permanent  basis,  cost  would 
reduce  to  #10  or  S12  per  ton. 

2  W.  R.  Crane.    U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines.    Cost  of  Manganese  Production  in  the  United  States. 


22  UNITED  STATES  TARIFF   COMMISSION  KEPOKT. 

For  the  same  period,  the  cost  of  Brazilian  ore  was  over  $30  and 
that  from  Cuba  somewhat  less  than  $30  per  long  ton  delivered  at 
American  furnaces.  There  are  no  data  available  as  to  costs  of  pro- 
duction during  this  period  in  Russia  or  India,  but  it  is  probable  that 
the  costs  of  production  were  only  slightly  greater  than  those  prior 
to  the  war,  although  the  prohibitive  ocean  freight  rates  would  have 
to  be  added  for  comparison  with  the  above  figures.  The  advantage 
of  the  domestic  producers  as  compared  to  those  in  Brazil  and  Cuba 
was  due  solely  to  the  extraordinary  increase  in  freight,  which,  in  the 
case  of  Brazil,  had  increased  from  a  prewar  level  of  $2.88  to  $15  per 
ton  and  in  Cuba  from  about  $3  to  over  $9.  State  and  export  taxes 
in  the  former  country  and  heavily  increased  royalties  in  the  latter 
served  to  further  increase  the  cost  of  the  ore  in  the  American  market. 

The  prewar  costs  are  easier  to  determine  in  the  case  of  foreign 
ores  and  much  more  difficult  in  the  case  of  domestic  ores  than  those 
of  the  war  period.  Under  the  old  freight  rate  of  $4.32  from  India  to 
the  United  States,  ore  from  that  country  was  laid  down  at  American 
furnaces  at  a  cost  rarely  to  exceed  $14  per  ton  and  probably  averaging 
about  $10.  This  latter  figure  may  also  be  taken  as  an  approxima- 
tion for  Russian  ore.1  Brazilian  costs  were  $9.53  delivered  at  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  of  the  United  States.  At  that  time  some  ore  was 
mined  in  our  Southern  States  at  a  cost  of  about  $5  per  ton,  but  it 
was  mined  by  farmers  in  their  spare  time  and,  therefore,  can  not  be 
considered  a  reasonable  approximation  of  fair  mining  practice.  A 
better  approximation  of  the  cost  of  producing  the  almost  negligible 
prewar  domestic  output  is  $8. 

The  estimated1  future  cost  of  domestic  manganese  ore  is  about 
$5  less  than  the  present  cost  or  about  $14.65  per  ton  at  the  mine. 
This  compares  with  a  similar  estimate  of  a  little  more  than  $15  for 
Brazilian  ore  laid  down  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  Costs  of  other 
foreign  ores  depend  almost  wholly  upon  the  adjustment  of  ocean 
freight  rates.  Normal  conditions  can  not  be  expected  much  before 
1921,  but  Indian  ore  should  make  its  appearance  again  in  American 
markets  considerably  before  that  date. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

Foreign  ores  have  the  advantage  over  domestic  ores  in  that  the 
freight  rates  from  tidewater  to  the  furnaces  are  lower  than  those 
from  domestic  mining  districts  to  points  of  consumption.  The  only 
exceptions  to  this  rule  are  certain  localities  in  the  Southern  States. 

OTHER    FACTORS. 

As  indicated  in  the  cost  data  cited  above,  the  chief  disadvantage  of 
domestic  ore  is  not  that  it  costs  more  to  mine  and  put  on'the  market. 
If  it  were  purely  a  matter  of  cost,  this  country  could  doubtless  have 
furnished  a  somewhat  larger  fraction  of  its  needs  from  domestic 
mines.  The  main  trouble  has  been  the  character  of  the  American 
ore  and  the  sporadic  nature  of  the  production. 

These  controlling  factors  may  be  summed  up  as  follows: 

1  W.  R.  Crane.    Auxiliary  file.    Loc.  cit. 


MANGANESE   ORE.  23 


DOMESTIC    ORE.  IMPORTED    ORE. 


1.  Mostly  low  grade.1 

2.  Very  variable  in  grade.1 

3.  Generally    contain    undesirable    im- 

purities (especially  silica). 

4.  Production   and    shipments   irregular 


and  usually  in  small  lots.2 


1.  Medium  to  high  grade. 

2.  Fairly  uniform  in  grade. 

3.  Generally  free  from  undesirable  im- 

purities (nonsilicious). 

4.  Supply  uniform  and  dependable  and 

in  large  lots. 


FREIGHT  RATES. 


In  August,  1918,  Director  General  of  Kailroads  W.  G.  McAdoo 
announced  new  rates  on  manganese  ore  which  were  lower  than  those 

Ereviously  prevailing.  The  rates  apply  to  shipments  in  carload 
>ts,  per  net  ton,  minimum  carload  weight  60,000  pounds.  To 
Chicago:  From  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  $7;  Montana,  $8;  Arizona, 
$9;  Nevada,  $10;  Oregon,  Washington,  and  California,  $11.  To 
Atlantic  seaboard:  From  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  $9.50;  Montana, 
$10.50;  Arizona  and  Utah,  $11.50;  Nevada,  $12.50;  Washington 
and  California,  $13.50;  Oregon,  $15.50. 

EXPORT  DUTIES. 

Russia  imposed  an  export  duty  on  manganese  ore  of  J  kopeck 
per  pood  (J  cents  per  36.11  pounds)  after  1914.  This  is  equal  to 
about  7|  cents  per  long  ton. 

In  Brazil  export  duties  are  imposed  not  by  the  Federal  but  by 
the  several  State  governments. 

The  State  of  Minas  Geraes  passed  a  law  in  1917  placing  an  export 
duty  on  manganese.  The  duty  is  based  on  a  sliding  scale  of  4  per 
cent,  6  per  cent  or  8  per  cent,  according  as  the  official  valuation  is 
less  than  40  milreis,  from  40  to  50  milreis,  or  more  than  50  milreis 
per  ton.  In  addition  to  the  ad  valorem  duty  there  is  a  special  tax 
of  1,  2,  or  3  francs  per  ton,  dependent  upon  the  official  valuation 
under  the  same  conditions  as  the  ad  valorem  duty.  During  the 
high  prices  for  manganese  ore  of  late  years  the  highest  export  rates 
have  applied. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Commerce  and  Navigation,  United  States  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Com- 
merce. 

Mineral  Resources,  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

The  Mineral  Industry,  G.  A.  Roush. 

Manganese  Ores  of  Russia,  India,  Brazil,  and  Chile,  1916.  E.  C.  Harder,  geologist, 
United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Cost  of  Manganese  Production  in  the  United  States,  War  Minerals  Investigations. 
W.  R.  Crane,  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  (in  auxiliary  file). 

TRADE  JOURNALS. 

Engineering  and  Mining  Journal. 

Metallurgical  and  Chemical  Engineering. 

Iron  Trade  Review. 

Iron  Age. 

Mining  and  Scientific  Press. 

1  It  should  be  said  that  in  Montana  (which  State  in  1918  produced  over  60  per  cent  of  domestic  total) 
the  controlled  mining  practice  of  the  large  companies  and  the  size  of  the  deposits  make  it  possible  to  mix 
high-grade  Philipsburg  ore  (42  to  45  per  cent  Mn,  16  per  cent  SiO2)  with  lower-grade  Butte  ore  (35  to  40 
per  cent  Mn,  7  per  cent  SiO2)  and  maintain  a  fair,  uniform  grade  of  material. 

2  It  is  stated  by  Anaconda  Copper  Mng.  Co.  (letter  May  5,  1919,  in  auxil.  file)  that  Butte  could  with 
reasonable  certainty  be  counted  on  for  162,500  tons  per  year,  which,  added  to  119,000  from  Philipsburg, 
would  give  a  total  "of  281,500  tons'  nearly  equal  to  average  total  consumption  manganese  ores  during  the 
five  years,  1910  to  1914.    Philipsburg  ore  reserves  questionable;  Butte,  enormous  but  unknown. 


24  UNITED  STATES  TARIFF   COMMISSION  REPORT. 

SHIPPERS  OF  MANGANESE  ORES. 

Alabama: 

Joseph  R.  Cook,  421  American  Trust  Building,  Birmingham. 
Arizona: 

Buckingham  &  Wright,  Globe. 

Bunker  Hill  Mines  Co.  (Phelps  Dodge  Corporation),  Tombstone. 

Burmister  &  Bunker,  Mayer. 

Calumet  &  Arizona  Mining  Co.,  Bisbee. 

F.  A.  Chamberlain,  Florence. 

Copper  Queen  Consolidated  Mining  Co.  (Phelps  Dodge  Corporation),  Bisbee. 

J.  Gilbin,  Wickenburg. 

Thomas  Higgins,  Bisbee. 

Jamison  &  Bailey,  Globe. 

Manganese  Development  Co.  (Girand  &  Craig),  Phoenix. 

Jack  Marden,  Head  Hotel,  Prescott. 

Noble  Electric  Steel  Co.,  995  Market  Street,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Shattuck- Arizona  Copper  Co.,  Bisbee. 

Superior  &  Globe  Copper  Co.,  Globe. 

Wheeler  property,  Wickenburg  (J.  B.  Girand,  Phoenix). 

Woods,  Huddart  &  Gunn,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 
Arkansas: 

N.  A.  Adler,  Batesville. 

W.  H.  Dennison,  Cushman. 

Eureka  Manganese  &  Mining  Co.,  Cushman. 

R.  S.  Handford,  Cushman. 

Independence  Mining  Co.,  Cushman. 

Marqua  Mining  Co.,  Cushman. 

Martin  Manganese  &  Mining  Co.  (Inc.),  Roanoke,  Va.  (E.  C.  McCombe,  Bates- 
ville). 

Standard  Manganese  Co.,  Batesville  (prospective  shipper). 
California: 

C.  V.  Breretpn,  Covelo. 
John  Burmeister,  Hollister. 

S.  C.  Burris  (Vann  &  Burris),  Potter  Valley. 

S.  H.  Busch,  Potter  Valley. 

Cary-Hoff  Manganese  Co.,  foot  Twenty-second  Street,  Oakland. 

James  J.  Cummings,  2165  East  Twenty-seventh  Street,  Oakland. 

Morgan  M.  Day,  Mount  Hamilton. 

John  J.  Everharty,  254  North  Soto  Street,  Los  Angeles, 

Federal  Ore  Co.  (Shanks  &  Combs). 

Holbrook  &  McGuire,  1002  Crocker  Building,  San  Francisco. 

Levensaler-Spier  Corporation,  Monadnock  Building,  San  Francisco. 

Livermore  Manganese  Co.,  Livermore. 

McRae  &  Murphv,  Aurora,  Nev. 

Manganese  Co.  of  California,  180  Sutler  Street,  San  Francisco. 

Mineral  Products  Co.,  334  Rial  to  Building,  San  Francisco. 

D.  A.  Mitchell,  Tracy. 

E.  P.  Newhall,  Livermore. 

Noble  Electric  Steel  Co.,  995  Market  Street,  San  Francisco. 

H.  T.  Overaker,  Livermore. 

William  Pickle,  Ukiah. 

Plant  &  Robinson,  522  Insurance  Exchange  Building,  San  Francisco. 

Ruhser  &  Huberty,  Jackson. 

Victor  R.  Smith,  Box  733,  Fresno. 

E.  T.  Stewart,  South  Dos  Palos. 

J.  A.  Waldteufel,  Ukiah. 

Western  Rock  Products  Co.,  M.  C.  Seagrave,  Balboa  Building,  San  Francisco. 

George  W.  Woolley,  Clipper  Mills. 

Alex.  Yeoman,  412  Union  Oil  Building,  Los  Angeles. 

Prospective  shippers — 
Charles  F.  Bradford,  Blythe. 
Clarke  &  McDonald,  Livermore. 
Hall  &  Washbish,  .Box  153,  Parker,  Ariz. 
Harvey  McClindon,  Ukiah. 
K.  G.  McLaughlin,  San  Jose. 
Frank  Rose,  Talent,  Oreg. 
Harold  Wheeler,  University  Club,  San  Francisco. 


MANGANESE  ORE.  25 

Colorado: 

J.  D.  Batie,  130  Michigan  Street,  Pueblo. 
Prospective  shippers — 

Boyer  &  Frankenbery,  Salida. 

Colorado  Manganese  Mining  and  Smelting  Co.,  627  Symes  Building,  Denver. 
Georgia: 

Anson  G.  Betts  &  Co.,  Asheville,  N.  C. 

Cope  &  Gatterr,  Cartersville. 

Evans  &  Ingram,  Cartersville. 

T.  J.  Garrett,  Cartersville. 

H.  M.  Hebble,  Cartersville. 

J.  M.  Knight,  Cartersville. 

Wesley  Knight,  Cartersville. 

Wilbut  A.  Nelson,  Cartersville. 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  W.  J.  Penhallegon,  general  superintendent,  Birming- 
ham, Ala. 

Sidney  Simmons,  Cave  Spring. 

Prospective  shippers- 
Georgia  Iron  &  Coal  Co.,  Joel  Hurt,  president,  Atlanta. 

Markstein  Dorn  Mining  Co.,  D.  H.  Markstein,  secretary,  White. 
Michigan: 

Verona  Mining  Co.,  care  Pickands,  Mather  &  Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Minnesota: 

Consolidated  Vermillion  and  Extension  Co.,  301  Sellwood  Building,  Duluth. 

Cuyuna  Mille  Lacs  Iron  Co.,  W.  H.  Locker,  410  Lonsdale  Building,  Duluth. 

Hill  Mines  Co.,  Wilbur  Van  Evera,  Ironton. 

Joan  Mining  Co.,  Marcus  L.  Fay,  secretary,  106  Providence  Building,  Duluth. 

Mahnomen  Mining  Co.,  Clement  K.  Quinn,  president,  Ahvorth  Building,  Duluth. 

Mangan  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  321  Manhattan  Building,  Duluth. 

Merritt  Development  Co.,  Franklin  W.  Merritt,  president,  514  Plymouth  Build- 
ing, Minneapolis. 

Onahman  Iron  Co.,  C.  A.  Lanigan,  secretary,  Fargusson  Building,  Duluth. 

Sultana  Mines  Co.,  Ironton. 
Montana: 

Auerbach  Mining  &  Mill  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.,  H.  Auerbach,  president, 
Philipsburg. 

Beaver  Creek  Mining  Co.,  Philipsburg. 

J.  C.  Cape  &  Co.,  Philipsburg. 

Clark-Montana  Realty  Co.,  box  1368,  Butte. 

Courtney  Bros.,  Philipsburg. 

Maynard  Hunt,  Philipsburg. 

Manganese  Mining  Co.,  Philipsburg. 

Montana  Manganese  Co.,  Philipsburg. 

Willard  L.  Morrison,  Apex  Hotel,  Butte. 

Mussigbrod  Co.,  Luchvig  Mussigbrod,  Philipsburg. 

Richard  O'Connor,  600  Dakota  Street,  Butte. 

Patten  Bros.,  Earle  B.  Patten,  Philipsburg. 

Philipsburg  Mining  Co.,  Philipsburg. 

N.  B.  Ringeling,  Philipsburg. 

Fred  Smith,  Philipsburg. 

J.  E.  Van  Gundy,  Philipsburg. 

Western  Minerals  Co.,  Philipsburg. 

Western  Ore  &  Mining  Co.,  Wade  A.  Siebenthal,  general  superintendent,  Philips- 
burg. 

Prospective  shippers — 

Butte  Cenrtal  Mining  &  Milling  Co.,  Butte. 

Donlan  &  Co.,  Philipsburg. 

Anaconda  Copper  Co.,  Butte  and  Anaconda. 
Nevada: 

W.  S.  Holmquist,  M.  D.,  Ely. 

Prince  Consolidated  Mining  &  Smelting  Co.,  1117  Newhouse  Building,  Salt  Lake 
City. 

Prospective  shippers — 

J.  O.  Gillice,  Las  Vegas. 

Nevada  Manganese  Co.,  W.  S.  Elliott,  Ely. 

Silgoled  Mining  Co.  of  Nevada,  Arthur  Reall,  manager,  Pioche. 


26  UNITED  STATES  TARIFF   COMMISSION   REPORT. 

New  Mexico: 

L.  C.  Butler,  71  Wall  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

W.  M.  Dorsey,  Silver  Citv. 

Lake  Valley  Mines  Co.,  W.  Ziegler,  superintendent,  Lake  Valley. 

Moses  &  Kirchman,  Silver  City. 

Sheriff  Mining  CD.,  Box  712,  El  Paso,  Tex. 

Stephen  Q.  Garst,  Magdalena  (prospective  shipper). 
North  Carolina: 

J.  B.  Thomasson,  Kings  Mountain. 

A.  K.  Knickerbocker,  Hot  Springs  (prospective  shipper). 
Oregon: 

Kromite  Mining  Co.,  T.  F.  Adams,  president,  Baker  (prospective  shipper). 
South  Carolina: 

Atlantic  Manganese  Co.,  McCormick. 
Tennessee : 

A.  H.  McQueen,  Butler. 

Maxwell  Manganese  Mining  Co.,  H.  V.  Maxwell,  general  manager,  Elizabethtoo. 

Charlton  B.  Rogers,  154  Fourth  Avenue,  North  Nashville. 

Tennessee  Manganese  Co.,  J.  A.  Hvdl,  general  manager,  Cleveland. 

Valley  Forge  Mining  Co.,  Dr.  Hardin  Reynolds,  Bristol. 
Prospective  shippers — 

W.  H.  Kemler,  Johnson  City. 

McQueen  Manganese  Co.,  Butler. 

Manganese  Products  Co.,  P.  J.  Harkins,  manager,  Newport. 

White  Oak  Manganese  Co.,  C.  A.  Hall,  manager,  Canonsburg,  Pa. 
Texas: 

Albert  Parent,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Scherer  &  Whatl,  Langtry. 
Utah: 

Burgess  Minerals  Co.,  Gustav  Sessinghaus,  Foster  Building,  Denver,  Colo. 

Green  River  Mining  Co.,  Green  River. 

Thomas  L.  McCarthy  &  Co.,  Box  217,  Eureka. 

Michigan-Utah  Consolidated  Mines  Co.,  411  Felt  Building,  Salt  Lake  City. 

W.  F.  Reeder,  Green  River. 

St.  George  Chemical  Co.,  99  John  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Prospective  shippers — 

Chief  Consolidated  Mining  Co.,  Eureka. 

Frank  H.  Leib,  Green  River. 

Utah  Manganese  Mining  Co.,  W.  B.  McPherson,  secretary,  Springville. 
Virginia: 

C.  G.  Chevalier,  Knickerbocker  Building,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Compton  Manganese  Corporation,  John  P.  Bracken,  president,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Crimora  Manganese  Corporation,  30  East  Forty-second  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Flat  Top  Manganese  Co.,  E.  S.  Suffern,  president,  96  Wall  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Hiawassie  Mining  Co.,  John  S.  Draper,  president,  Pulaski. 

Manganese  Associates,  H.  W.  Bennett,  president,  30  East  Forty-second  Street, 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

Manganese  Products  Co.,  420  Stephen  Girard  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

R.  B.  Miller,  Bluefield,  W.  Va. 

Mount  Tory  Mining  Co.,  Mark  D.  Meek,  Lyndhurst. 

Old  Dominion  Pig  Iron  Corporation,  Roanoke. 

Rockbridge  Manganese  &  Iron  Co.,  Mid  vale. 

St.  George  Chemical  Co.,  99  John  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Seibel  Iron  Mines  (Inc.),  421  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Shaffer  Engineering  Co.,  Nazareth,  Pa. 

A.  T.  Short,  Amburg. 

Southern  Exploration  Co.,  505  Virginia  Railway  &  Power  .Building,  Richmond. 

St.ileys  Creek  Manganese  &  Iron  Co.,  Marion. 

Stockwood  Realty  Corporation,  Woodstock. 

Union  Manganese  Corporation  (Seaboard  Steel  &  Manganese  Corporation),  Ve- 
suvius. 

United  States  Manganese  &  Mineral  Co.,  Zepp. 

United  States  Manganese  Corporation  (Seaboard  Steel  &  Manganese  Corporation), 
Elkton. 

Prospective  shippers— 

W.  R.  Cuthbert,  Lynchburg. 

John  B.  Guernsey  &  Co.  (Inc.),  Strickland  Building,  Roanoke. 

Leckie  Moss  Co.,  Burkes  Garden. 


MANGANESE  ORE.  27 

Virginia — continued. 

W.  J.  Overbeck,  1420  Union  Oil  Building,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Saunders  estate,  Evington. 

Virginia  Ores  Corporation,  R.  0.  Brannan,  secretary,  Lynchburg. 

D.  A.  Vowles,  Covington. 
Washington— 

J.  L.  Bockover,  Humptulips  (prospective  shipper). 
Wisconsin— 

Montreal  Mining  Co.,  A.  C.  Bittchofsky,  secretary,  Wade  Building,  Cleveland, 

Ohio. 

Wvoming — 
Poverty  Mining  Co.,  Clifton  Wissler,  president,  Marshall  (prospective  shipper). 

PURCHASERS  OF  MANGANESE  ORES. 

Anaconda  Copper  Co.,  Butte  and  Anaconda,  Mont. 

Alan  Wood  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  Philadelphia.  Pa. 

Algoma  Steel  Corporation,  Fault  Ste.  Marie.  Ontario,  Canada. 

Alleghany  Ore  &  Iron  Co..  Buena  Vista  and  Iron  C.ate,  Va. 

American  Carbon  &  Battery  Co.,  East  ft.  Louis,  111. 

American  Ever  Ready  Battery  Co..  Long  Island  City.  N.  Y. 

American  Manganese  Manufacturing  Co. ,  Bullit  Building.  Philadelphia   Pa. 

American  Smelting  &  Refining  Co.,  Murray.  Utah. 

American  Steel  Foundries.  McCormick  Building,  Chicago.  111. 

Anglo- American  Flash  Lisjht  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

James  B.  Bailey,  Pine  Forge,  Pa. 

Beckman  &  Linden  Engineering  Corporation,  Bay  Point,  Calif. 

Bennett-Brooks,  120  Libert-;-  Street.  New  York.  N.  Y. 

Berkshire  Iron  Works.  Bullitt  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Bethlehem  Steel  Corporation.  South  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

Arthur  B.  Bibbins,  Baltimore.  Md. 

Bilrowe  Alloys  Co.,  201  Bernice  Building,  Tacoma,  Wash. 

Binney  &  Smith,  81  Fulton  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Charles  A.  Burdick,  E.  M.,  15  Broad  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y.' 

C.  F.  Burgess  Laboratories,  Madison,  Wis. 

L.  H.  Butcher  &  Co.,  Marine  Building,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Cambria  Steel  Co..  Pittsburgh.  Pa. 

Carnegie  Steel  Co..  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Central  Iron  &  Coal  Co.,  Holt,  .Ma. 

Charcoal  Iron  Co.,  Detroit.  Mich. 

Charles  B.  Chrystal.  1 1  Clil'1  street.  Xew  York,  N.  Y. 

Cleveland-Clit'i's  Iron  Co.,  Cleveland.  Ohio. 

Colorado  Fuel  &  Iron  Co.,  Pueblo.  Colo. 

Corrigan,  McKinney  &  Co..  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

W.  R.  Cuthbert  (National  Paint  &  Manganese  Corporation,  Lynchburg.  Va  >. 

Delaware  River  Steel  Co..  Chester.  Pa. 

W.  IT.  Dennison,  Cushman,  Ark. 

Electric  Reduction  Co..  Washington.  Pa. 

Empire  Steel  &  Iron  Co..  Catasauqua,  Pa. 

Fuller  &  Warren  Co.,  Troy.  X.  Y. 

Robert  (ulchrist.  Eli/abethtown.  N.  .1. 

M.  A.  Hanna  &  Co..  1:500  Leader-News  Building.  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Charles  Hardy.  50  Church  Street,  New  York.  N.  Y. 

ITarshaw,  Fuller  &  ("loodwin  Co.,  Electric  Building,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Ha/.el- Atlas  Glass  Co..  Clarksburg.  W.  Va,. 

W.  P.  Heath  &  Co.,  509  Olive  Street.  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

ITickman,  Williams  £  Co..  St.  Louis.  Mo. 

C.  W.  Hill  Chemical  Co..  Los  Aneeles.  Calif. 

E.  C.  Humphries  &  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Illinois  steel  Co..  20S  South  LaSille  Street.  Chicago.  II!. 

Import  Chemical  Co.,  27<>  Water  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

International  Smelling  Co.,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 

Jones  &  Laughlin  Steel  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Jaunita  Furnace  A  Foundry  Co.,  30  West  Girard  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

La  Belle  Iron  Works,  Stcubcnville,  Ohio. 

La  Follette  Coal  &  Iron  Co.,  La  Follette,  Tenn. 

Lackawanna  Steel  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


28  UNITED  STATES  TARIFF   COMMISSION  REPORT. 

J.  S.  Lamson  &  Bros.  (Inc.),  8  Maiden  Lane,  New  York. 

E.  J.  Lavino  &  Co.,  Bullitt  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

C.  W.  Leavitt  &  Co.,  30  Church  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Lebanon  Blast  Furnace  Co.,  Lebanon,  Pa. 

Levensaler-Spier  Corporation,  Monadnock  Building,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

David  Loesser,  1400  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Los  Angeles  Pressed  Brick  Co.,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

Low  Moor  Iron  Co.  of  Virginia,  Lowmoor,  Va. 

T.  L.  McCarty,  Box  217,  Eureka,  Utah. 

McKeefrey  Iron  Co.,  Leetonia,  Ohio. 

Manean  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  321  Manhattan  Building,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Manhattan  Electrician  Supply  Co.,  41-47  Morris  Street,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

E.  E.  Marshall,  Bullitt  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Metnl  and  Thermit  Corporation,  120  Broadway. 

The  Metalores  Corporation,  56  Pine  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Miami  Metals  Co.,  Tower  Building,  Chicago,  111. 

Mines  &  Metal  Corporation,  77  Broad  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Mississippi  Valley  Iron  Co.,  6500  South  Broadway,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

National  Alloy  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

National  Carbon  Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Noble  Electric  Steel  Co.,  995  Market  Street,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Northwestern  Iron  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Nun'*csspr  Carbon  &  Battery  Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Oakley  Paint  Manufacturing  Co.,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

Old  Dominion  Pig  Iron  Corporation,  Roanoke,  Va. 

Pacific  Coast  Steel  Co.,  San  P^rancisco,  Calif. 

Pacific  Electro  Metals  Co.,  Balboa  Building,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Pacific  Sewer  Pipe  Co.,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

Perry  Iron  Co.,  Erie,  Pa. 

Pittsburgh  Lamp  Brass  &  Glass  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Pittsburgh  Steel  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Pulaski  Iron  Co.,  Pulaski,  Va. 

Republic  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 

A.  P.  Rice,  Spencer,  Ohio. 

Ricketson  Mineral  Paint  Works,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Rogers,  Brown  &  Co.,  30  Church  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Frank  Samuel,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

John  A.  Savage  &  Co.,  Duluth,  Minn. 

Scullin  Steel  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Seaboard  Steel  &  Manganese  Corporation,  74  Broadway,  New  York. 

Seattle  Smelting  Co.,  Van  Asselt  Station,  Seattle,  Wash. 

Arthur  Seligman,  165  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Shaffer  Engineering  Co.,  Nazareth,  Pa. 

Sligo  Furnace  Co.,  915  Olive  Street,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Sloss-Sheffield  Steel  &  Iron  Co.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 

C.  Soloman,  jr.,  South  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Southern  Manganese  Corporation,  Anniston,  Ala. 

Standard  Steel  Works  Co.,  llth  floor,  Morris  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Oscar  Stromberg,  Tribune  Building,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Suffern  Co.  (Inc.),  96  Wall  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Superior  Portland  Cement  Co.,  Concrete,  Wash. 

Tacoma  Metal  Co.,  Tacoma,  Wash. 

Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  &  R.  R.  Co.,  Birmingham  Ala. 

Thomas  Iron  Co.,  Hokendauqua,  Pa. 

Toledo  Furnace  Co.,  Toledo,  Ohio. 

U.  S.  Glass  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

United  States  Smelting,  Refining  &  Mining  Co.,  Salt  Lake  Ctiy,  Utah. 

United  States  Steel  Corporation,  Empire  Building,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Utah  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 

Vanadium  Steel  Alloys  Co.,  Latrobe,  Pa. 

Western  Reduction  Co.,  Portland,  Oreg. 

Wharton  Steel  Co.,  Morris  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Wickwire  Steel  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Wisconsin  Steel  Co.,  Harvester  Building,  Chicago,  111. 

Worth  Bros.  Co.,  Widener  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Zenith  Furnace  Co..  Duluth.  Minn. 

o 


A    001  274  501 


